This metabolic pathway is more than just a reversal of glycolysis. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins. The glucose-pyruvate pathway on the left represents glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. The 3 categories of catabolic products of amino acids: glucogenic (green), ketogenic (red), and both glucogenic and ketogenic (blue). Ionic: AAs that acquire a positive (amines) or negative (carboxylates) charge by ionizing at physiological pH.Hydrophilic: polar AAs with neutral charge containing hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, or carboxamide R groups.Hydrophobic: non-polar AAs containing aromatic or aliphatic R groups.Negatively charged R groups (acidic carboxyl groups).Positively charged R groups (basic amine groups).Uncharged R groups (neutral at physiological pH).Polar or hydrophilic R groups: Side chains interact with water found on the surface of the molecule.Aliphatic R groups (branched or straight open-chain compound).Aromatic R groups (a cyclic compound called a benzene ring).Non-polar or hydrophobic R groups: side chains do not interact with water the protein folds so that these AAs are toward the core of the molecule.R groups determine the differences in structure, function, and biological interactions of AAs. Isomeric forms of amino acids Image by Lecturio.
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